glikokalyx

Glycocalyx is a cellular coating found on the outside of many eukaryotic cells and some bacteria. It is primarily composed of carbohydrate chains, which can be attached to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids) on the cell surface. The term itself is derived from the Greek words "glykys" meaning sweet and "kalyx" meaning cup or shell, referring to its sugary composition and protective outer layer.

The functions of the glycocalyx are diverse and crucial for cell survival and interaction. It plays a significant role in cell recognition, allowing cells to identify each other, which is vital for processes like immune responses and tissue formation. It also contributes to cell adhesion, helping cells to stick together to form tissues. Furthermore, the glycocalyx acts as a protective barrier, shielding the cell from mechanical damage and chemical injury. In some cases, it can prevent pathogens from attaching to the cell surface. In blood vessels, the endothelial glycocalyx acts as a crucial barrier, regulating the passage of molecules and influencing blood flow.