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Phosphorus pentoxide, also known as phosphorus(V) oxide, is a chemical compound with the formula P4O10. It is a white, crystalline solid that is highly hygroscopic, meaning it readily absorbs water from the air. Phosphorus pentoxide is a powerful dehydrating agent and is commonly used in various chemical processes, including the production of phosphoric acid and as a drying agent in laboratories.

The compound is formed by the oxidation of phosphorus. It is typically prepared by burning phosphorus in excess oxygen or by heating phosphorus in air. Phosphorus pentoxide is a strong oxidizing agent and can react violently with reducing agents. It is also known to react with water to form phosphoric acid, releasing a significant amount of heat in the process.

Phosphorus pentoxide has several industrial applications. It is used in the production of fertilizers, as a catalyst in various chemical reactions, and as a component in the manufacture of certain types of glass. In the laboratory, it is used as a drying agent to remove water from solutions and as a reagent in the synthesis of organic compounds.

Despite its usefulness, phosphorus pentoxide can be hazardous. It is toxic if inhaled or ingested and can cause severe burns to the skin and eyes. Proper handling and safety measures are essential when working with this compound.