ferrochromium

Ferrochromium is an alloy of iron and chromium, typically containing about 50 to 70 percent chromium. It is produced by smelting chromite ore (FeCr2O4) with a reducing agent such as coke in electric arc furnaces or submerged-arc furnaces. The resulting alloy serves as a primary source of chromium for steel production and alloying applications.

Grades of ferrochromium are distinguished mainly by carbon content. Low-carbon ferrochromium (LCFeCr) has a very low carbon content and is favored for stainless steel to minimize carburization, while high-carbon ferrochromium (HCFeCr) contains higher carbon and is used for certain specialty steels. Medium-carbon grades also exist. All grades may contain small amounts of silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and other elements depending on ore quality and processing.

In steelmaking, ferrochromium is added to molten iron or steel to raise the chromium content, typically enabling the production of stainless steels with chromium levels around 12 to 18 percent or other chromium-containing alloys. The chromium improves hardness, strength, and corrosion and oxidation resistance through the formation of a protective chromium oxide layer.

Global production centers on chromite-rich regions, with major producers including South Africa, Kazakhstan, India, Turkey, and Finland. Supply is influenced by chromite ore availability, energy costs, and ferroalloy market dynamics. Environmental and safety concerns encompass mining impacts, energy-intensive smelting, and chromium-bearing dust or emissions, which require proper handling and control measures to protect health and the environment.