fenolu

Fenol, also known as phenol or carbolic acid, is the simplest member of the phenol family, with the chemical formula C6H5OH. It is a colorless to pale-white crystalline solid at room temperature and has a characteristic acrid odor. It is used as a chemical building block due to its reactive hydroxyl group.

Chemically, phenol is a weak acid (pKa about 9.9) and readily forms phenoxide salts with bases. It is soluble in many organic solvents and moderately soluble in water. The hydroxyl group enables many substitution and condensation reactions, leading to a wide range of derivatives, including esters, ethers, and resins.

Industrial production is dominated by the cumene process, in which phenol and acetone are produced from cumene via oxidation and hydrolysis. Phenol serves as a precursor for numerous materials, including phenol-formaldehyde resins (bakelite) and bisphenol A, a key monomer for polycarbonates. It is also used in the manufacture of detergents, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides.

Historically, phenol gained prominence as an antiseptic in surgical practice (carbolic acid) thanks to Joseph Lister. Today, its use is restricted by safety concerns and regulatory controls. It remains a critical industrial chemical, but handling requires strict safety measures to prevent skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion.

Hazards and environmental aspects: phenol is caustic and toxic; it can be absorbed through the skin and cause burns and systemic effects. It is harmful to aquatic life and requires proper containment, spill response, and disposal in accordance with regulations.