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Surface area is a measure of the total area that the surface of a three-dimensional object occupies. It is expressed in square units, such as square meters or square feet. For simple geometric shapes like cubes and spheres, there are well-defined formulas to calculate their surface area. For a cube with side length 's', the surface area is 6s². For a sphere with radius 'r', the surface area is 4πr².

For more complex or irregular shapes, determining the surface area can be more challenging and may require calculus or numerical methods. In practical applications, surface area is an important consideration in various fields. In thermodynamics, it influences heat transfer rates; in chemistry, it affects reaction speeds; and in biology, it plays a role in processes like diffusion and absorption. Understanding and calculating surface area is crucial for accurate modeling and prediction in many scientific and engineering disciplines. The concept of surface area is distinct from volume, which measures the space enclosed by a three-dimensional object.