fehérjeszintéziseinek

Fehérjeszintézis or protein synthesis is the fundamental biological process by which cells construct proteins. This complex process involves two main stages: transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, where the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. This mRNA then travels out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

In the cytoplasm, the second stage, translation, takes place. Here, ribosomes, the cell's protein-making machinery, read the sequence of codons on the mRNA. Each codon, a sequence of three nucleotides, specifies a particular amino acid. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring the corresponding amino acids to the ribosome, matching them to the mRNA codons through their anticodons. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, it links these amino acids together in a specific order, forming a polypeptide chain. This polypeptide chain then folds into a functional three-dimensional protein. The precise sequence of amino acids, dictated by the original DNA, determines the protein's structure and ultimately its function within the cell and organism. Errors in protein synthesis can lead to non-functional or even harmful proteins.