esofagea

Esófagea refers to the esophagus, the muscular tube that conveys food and liquids from the pharynx to the stomach. In adults it measures about 25 centimeters and extends from the upper esophageal sphincter near the cricoid cartilage to the gastroesophageal junction at the diaphragm. The esophageal wall consists of mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria (an inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer), and an outer adventitia. The esophagus is traditionally divided into cervical, thoracic, and abdominal segments.

A key feature of esophageal function is peristalsis, coordinated contractions that propel boluses toward the stomach. The upper esophageal sphincter, primarily the cricopharyngeus muscle, and the lower esophageal sphincter help regulate passage and prevent reflux. Blood supply arises from several branches, including inferior thyroid, bronchial, esophageal, left gastric, and left inferior phrenic arteries. Venous drainage follows these arteries into systemic and portal circulations. Innervation is provided mainly by the vagus nerves and the enteric nervous system, which coordinate motility and sensation.

Clinical significance includes a range of disorders. Dysphagia is a common symptom and can arise from structural causes or motility disorders such as achalasia or diffuse esophageal spasm. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) results from LES dysfunction and refluxate irritation, potentially leading to esophagitis or Barrett’s esophagus and, in some cases, adenocarcinoma. Other conditions include esophageal strictures, varices, and malignant tumors (predominantly squamous cell carcinoma in some regions and adenocarcinoma in others).

Diagnostics typically involve upper endoscopy (EGD), barium swallow radiographs, esophageal manometry, and pH monitoring. Treatments range from lifestyle modifications and acid-suppressive therapy to endoscopic and surgical interventions, depending on the underlying condition.