endotoksi

Endotoxins are a class of lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They are an integral part of the bacterial cell wall and are released when the bacteria die and lyse, or during cell division. The term "endotoxin" comes from the fact that they are contained within the bacterial cell, as opposed to exotoxins, which are secreted.

The primary component responsible for the toxic effects of endotoxins is lipid A, a complex lipid molecule embedded in the bacterial membrane. When endotoxins enter the bloodstream or other tissues, they can trigger a potent inflammatory response in the host. This response is mediated by the activation of immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, through specific receptors like Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).

The symptoms of endotoxin exposure can vary widely depending on the dose and route of administration. In mild cases, they can cause fever, chills, and a general feeling of malaise. In more severe cases, endotoxemia can lead to a life-threatening condition known as septic shock, characterized by dangerously low blood pressure, organ dysfunction, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Endotoxins are a significant concern in medicine, particularly in relation to infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria and in the manufacturing of medical devices and pharmaceuticals. Strict sterilization and pyrogen testing are crucial to prevent adverse reactions from endotoxin contamination. Despite their toxicity, endotoxins also have some research applications, such as in studying immune responses and developing vaccines.