elektrophiler

Elektrophiler, widely called electrophiles in English, are chemical species that seek electrons and form bonds by accepting an electron pair from a nucleophile. They are typically electron-poor and act as Lewis acids. Common electrophiles include protons (H+), carbocations (for example CH3+), and positively polarized atoms in Lewis-acid complexes such as boron trifluoride (BF3) or aluminum trichloride (AlCl3). In organic reactions, electrophiles react with nucleophiles to form new covalent bonds. The reactivity of an electrophile is influenced by its Lewis acidity, the stability of the developing positive charge, and the polarizability of the molecule. According to HSAB theory, hard electrophiles react with hard nucleophiles, while soft electrophiles prefer soft nucleophiles.

Electrophiles participate in numerous reaction types, including electrophilic aromatic substitution, hydrohalogenation, and electrophilic addition to alkenes and alkynes. In electrophilic aromatic substitution, a directed electrophile attacks an aromatic ring, followed by deprotonation to restore aromaticity. In carbonyl or alkene additions, the electrophile accepts electron density from a nucleophile and forms a new bond.

In practice, identifying electrophiles involves recognizing species with an empty orbital or a strong positive polarization. The concept is central to many areas of chemistry, including synthetic organic chemistry, catalysis, and mechanism studies. In Turkish scientific literature, elektrophiler is used to refer to electrophiles.