electroosmosisbulk
Bulk electroosmosis, sometimes referred to as electroosmotic flow in porous media, is the macroscopic movement of liquid through a charged solid under an applied electric field. It occurs in a wide range of porous materials, including soils, clays, ceramics, membranes, and microfluidic networks, where a solid–liquid interface forms an electrical double layer.
The mechanism rests on the electric double layer that develops at the solid surface. The diffuse layer
Key factors influencing bulk electroosmosis include the magnitude and sign of the zeta potential, electrolyte composition
Applications span geotechnical remediation (electrokinetic cleanup of contaminated soils), groundwater treatment, and microfluidics, where electroosmosis provides