effektorfunksjoner

Effektorfunktionen, also known as effector functions, are specialized roles played by immune cells, particularly T cells and B cells, in orchestrating the immune response. These functions are the mechanisms by which effector lymphocytes eliminate pathogens and infected cells. For cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), key effector functions include the direct killing of target cells through the release of cytotoxic molecules like perforin and granzymes, or by inducing apoptosis via Fas ligand. Helper T cells, on the other hand, exert their effector functions by secreting cytokines, which can activate other immune cells such as macrophages and B cells, or by providing co-stimulatory signals necessary for full T cell activation. B cells, in their effector phase, differentiate into plasma cells that secrete large quantities of antibodies. These antibodies can neutralize toxins, opsonize pathogens for phagocytosis, or activate the complement system, all contributing to pathogen clearance. The precise repertoire of effector functions employed depends on the type of pathogen and the context of the immune challenge. Understanding these effector functions is crucial for developing effective immunotherapies and vaccines.