diploïdie

Diploïdie is a term used in biology to describe a state where an organism possesses two complete sets of chromosomes. This is the normal condition for most diploid organisms, including humans, where each somatic cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. One set of chromosomes is inherited from each parent. This diploid state is crucial for sexual reproduction, as it ensures that offspring receive the appropriate genetic material from both parents.

The process of meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes (sperm and egg cells) to a haploid state, meaning they contain only one set of chromosomes. When fertilization occurs, the fusion of a haploid sperm and a haploid egg restores the diploid number of chromosomes in the resulting zygote. This cycle of meiosis and fertilization maintains the characteristic diploidy of a species across generations.

In contrast to diploidy, haploidy refers to the state of having only one set of chromosomes, and polyploidy refers to having more than two sets. Understanding diploidy is fundamental to comprehending genetics, inheritance patterns, and the mechanisms of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes. Deviations from the normal diploid state, such as aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes) or polyploidy, can have significant consequences for an organism's development and health.