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Diagenesis is a geological process that involves the transformation of sediments into sedimentary rocks. It occurs after deposition and before lithification, the process by which sediments are compacted and cemented to form solid rock. Diagenesis can be divided into two main types: physical and chemical diagenesis.

Physical diagenesis involves the physical rearrangement of sediments, such as compaction and sorting. Compaction occurs as overlying sediments exert pressure on underlying layers, causing them to become more tightly packed. Sorting happens when sediments are rearranged by water or wind, with heavier particles settling first and lighter particles remaining suspended.

Chemical diagenesis involves the alteration of the chemical composition of sediments. This can occur through various processes, including dissolution, precipitation, and recrystallization. Dissolution happens when minerals in the sediment are dissolved by groundwater, while precipitation occurs when dissolved minerals are deposited in the sediment. Recrystallization involves the rearrangement of mineral crystals, often leading to the formation of new minerals.

Diagenesis plays a crucial role in the formation of sedimentary rocks and can significantly alter their physical and chemical properties. It can also lead to the formation of economic resources, such as oil and gas, by altering the porosity and permeability of rocks. Understanding diagenesis is essential for interpreting the geological history of sedimentary basins and for exploring and exploiting their resources.