decidualizáció

Decidualizáció is a crucial process in mammalian reproduction, specifically occurring in the uterus during pregnancy. It is the transformation of endometrial stromal cells, known as decidual cells, into a specialized secretory tissue called the decidua. This transformation is essential for supporting the developing embryo and fetus.

The process is initiated by hormonal signals, primarily progesterone and estrogen, secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation. These hormones prepare the endometrium for implantation. Following implantation, the presence of the embryo further stimulates decidualization. The decidual cells begin to secrete various factors, including hormones, growth factors, and cytokines, which play a vital role in establishing and maintaining the pregnancy.

The decidua forms a significant barrier between the maternal and fetal tissues, although it is penetrated by the trophoblast to form the placenta. It provides nutrients and oxygen to the early embryo and helps to prevent immune rejection of the semi-allogeneic fetus by the maternal immune system. The decidua also plays a role in the remodeling of maternal blood vessels to ensure adequate blood supply to the placenta.

Decidualization is a complex process involving changes in gene expression, cell morphology, and biochemical functions of the endometrial stromal cells. Disruptions in decidualization can lead to pregnancy complications such as implantation failure, recurrent miscarriage, and preeclampsia. The study of decidualization is an active area of research aimed at understanding early pregnancy and developing treatments for reproductive disorders.