cyanid

Cyanide, also known as cyanid in some languages, refers to a family of chemical species that contain the cyanide group CN−. The most common forms are hydrogen cyanide (HCN), a volatile and highly toxic gas, and cyanide salts such as sodium cyanide (NaCN) and potassium cyanide (KCN). The cyanide ion is a small, linear anion that forms complexes with metals and with organic compounds, enabling a range of industrial applications.

Production and handling: Hydrogen cyanide is produced commercially, most notably by the Andrussow process, which converts methane and ammonia in the presence of oxygen over a platinum catalyst to HCN. This is typically followed by conversion to cyanide salts for storage and use. Cyanide compounds are highly toxic, and handling requires strict safety measures to prevent inhalation, ingestion, or contact, as well as protections against accidental release or formation of hydrogen cyanide gas under acidic conditions or during combustion.

Applications: In mining, cyanide leaching is used to extract gold and silver from ores. In electroplating and metal finishing, cyanide complexes stabilize metal ions. Cyanide salts are also precursors in the production of various organic chemicals, including acrylonitrile and other plastics-related materials.

Toxicology and safety: Cyanide inhibits cellular respiration by binding to cytochrome c oxidase, leading to tissue hypoxia. Acute exposure can be fatal; symptoms include headache, dizziness, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. Treatments include rapid removal from exposure, oxygen therapy, and antidotes such as hydroxocobalamin or a combination of nitrite and thiosulfate, administered by medical professionals. Environmental and regulatory considerations address the toxicity of cyanide releases, detoxification of waste streams, and safe disposal of cyanide-containing wastes.

Etymology: The name derives from the Greek kyanos, blue, reflecting early associations with the color of certain cyanide compounds.