cefalosporínov

Cefalosporínov is a class of beta-lactam antibiotics used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. They are derived from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium and are structurally similar to penicillin, differing mainly in their beta-lactam ring structure. This structural difference contributes to their broader spectrum of activity and resistance to some beta-lactamase enzymes produced by bacteria.

Cefalosporínov are classified into several generations, each with progressively broader antibacterial activity and increased resistance to beta-lactamases. The first-generation cephalosporins are most active against Gram-positive bacteria, while later generations show increased efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria. Examples include cefazolin (first generation), cefuroxime (second generation), ceftriaxone (third generation), and cefepime (fourth generation).

These antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and death. They are typically administered parenterally, although some oral formulations exist. Cefalosporínov are generally well-tolerated, but common side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, rash, and allergic reactions. Serious side effects are rare but can include anaphylaxis and Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea. Resistance to cephalosporins can develop through various mechanisms, including altered penicillin-binding proteins, beta-lactamase production, and decreased drug penetration into the bacterial cell. Their use is guided by susceptibility testing to ensure optimal treatment outcomes.