butanoli

Butanols, also referred to as butanolo in some languages, are a family of four structural isomers of the alcohol with the chemical formula C4H10O. They all contain a single hydroxyl group but differ in the arrangement of their carbon skeleton. The four isomers are 1-butanol (n-butanol), 2-butanol (sec-butanol), 2-methyl-1-propanol (isobutanol), and 2-methyl-2-propanol (tert-butanol).

Each isomer has distinct physical properties and uses. 1- and 2-butanol are important industrial solvents and chemical intermediates; tert-butanol is widely used as a solvent and in organic synthesis; isobutanol also serves as a solvent and a potential fuel component.

Production and applications: Butanols are produced mainly by petrochemical routes, such as hydroformylation of propylene to butyraldehyde followed by hydrogenation to 1-butanol, or via other catalytic transformations. The historical ABE (acetonebutanol-ethanol) fermentation produced n-butanol and isobutanol alongside acetone and ethanol; modern research also explores biobutanol production using engineered microbes as a renewable fuel or solvent. Applications include use as solvents in coatings, inks, and cleaners, as intermediates in chemical synthesis, and as potential biofuel components due to higher energy density compared with ethanol.

Properties and safety: Butanols are flammable liquids with boiling points that vary by isomer. They are differentially soluble in water, with tert-butanol being highly miscible and others showing partial water solubility. They can irritate skin and eyes and pose health risks if inhaled or ingested. Appropriate handling, ventilation, and storage are required. Environmental considerations include their status as volatile organic compounds and their biodegradability.