biotransformaci

Biotransformation is the process by which living organisms modify chemical compounds through enzymatic reactions, typically to increase water solubility for excretion or to alter biological activity. It is a key aspect of metabolism in humans and other animals, but also occurs in microorganisms, plants, and environmental systems, influencing the fate, toxicity, and usefulness of many compounds.

Most biotransformations occur in two broad phases. Phase I reactions involve functionalization, such as oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis, which introduce or expose a reactive group on the substrate. The cytochrome P450 enzyme family is a major driver of Phase I in many animals. Phase II reactions follow, attaching endogenous polar groups (for example glucuronic acid, sulfate, or glutathione) through conjugation. These conjugates are typically more water-soluble and are easier to excrete.

Biotransformation has wide-ranging applications. In medicine, it determines drug clearance and potential interactions, influencing efficacy and safety. In environmental science, it affects the persistence or breakdown of pollutants. In industrial biotechnology, biocatalysis uses isolated enzymes or whole cells to synthesize chiral intermediates, degrade contaminants, or convert feedstocks into valuable products.

Genetic variation, age, diet, disease, and coadministered drugs can alter biotransformation rates, contributing to interindividual differences in drug response and toxicity. Understanding biotransformation is therefore central to pharmacology, toxicology, environmental chemistry, and biotechnological innovation.