betalainos

Betalains are a class of natural red and yellow water-soluble pigments found in many plants of the order Caryophyllales, as well as in some fungi and bacteria. They are structurally different from anthocyanins, the other major group of plant pigments responsible for red, purple, and blue colors. Betalains are synthesized from tyrosine and are characterized by their unique structure, which contains a nitrogen atom within a cyclo-DOPA derivative.

There are two main types of betalains: betacyanins, which are red-violet, and betaxanthins, which are yellow to orange. Betacyanins contain a nitrogen atom in their chromophore, while betaxanthins do not. The specific color of a betalain depends on its molecular structure and pH. They are known for their antioxidant properties and have been investigated for potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects.

Betalains are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, notably in beets, prickly pear cactus fruits, and amaranth. Their presence is a key characteristic of the Caryophyllales order, distinguishing it from other plant groups that primarily use anthocyanins for coloration. The pigments are also responsible for the vibrant colors of flowers and fruits in many species, playing a role in attracting pollinators and seed dispersers. Due to their natural origin and perceived health benefits, betalains are increasingly used as natural food colorants, offering an alternative to synthetic dyes.