bétalaktámáz

Bétalaktámáz, also known as beta-lactamase, is an enzyme produced by some bacteria that renders them resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. These antibiotics, which include penicillin and cephalosporins, work by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Beta-lactamase enzymes achieve resistance by breaking the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring, inactivating the antibiotic.

The genes encoding beta-lactamase can be located on the bacterial chromosome or on plasmids, which are small, circular DNA molecules that can be easily transferred between bacteria. This horizontal gene transfer is a significant factor in the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance. Different types of beta-lactamases exist, with varying substrate specificities and resistance profiles. Some enzymes are specific to certain classes of beta-lactam antibiotics, while others can hydrolyze a broader range.

The prevalence of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria is a major challenge in treating bacterial infections. In response, new antibiotics have been developed that are resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases, or beta-lactamase inhibitors are co-administered with beta-lactam antibiotics to protect them from enzymatic degradation. Understanding the mechanisms of beta-lactamase action and the evolution of resistance is crucial for developing effective strategies to combat bacterial infections.