aniszotróp

Anizotropia is a property of matter where physical or chemical properties differ in different directions. This is in contrast to isotropy, where properties are uniform regardless of orientation. Materials exhibiting anizotropy have directional dependence.

Common examples of anizotropy can be found in crystalline structures. The arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice is not the same in all directions, leading to variations in properties like optical refraction, electrical conductivity, and mechanical strength. For instance, a crystal might be more easily cleaved along one plane than another.

Wood is another everyday example. Its strength, stiffness, and expansion/contraction properties vary significantly between the grain direction and across it. Similarly, many composite materials are engineered to be anizotropic, with fibers aligned in specific directions to provide enhanced strength or stiffness where needed.

The phenomenon of anizotropy is crucial in various scientific and engineering fields. Understanding and controlling anizotropy allows for the design of materials with tailored performance characteristics for specific applications, from advanced electronics and optics to structural engineering and aerospace.