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Acidification is a process characterized by the increase in acidity within a particular environment, typically measured by a decrease in pH levels. This phenomenon can occur naturally or as a result of anthropogenic activities. It is most commonly associated with bodies of water, such as oceans, lakes, and rivers, where changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels have significant effects.

In marine contexts, acidification primarily results from the absorption of atmospheric CO2 by seawater. When CO2 dissolves in water, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, leading to a decrease in pH and alterations in carbonate chemistry. This process, known as ocean acidification, has significant impacts on marine ecosystems, notably affecting calcifying organisms such as corals, mollusks, and certain plankton species. These organisms rely on carbonate ions to build shells and skeletons, and reduced availability of these ions hampers their development and survival.

Acidification can also occur in terrestrial environments, affecting soil health and plant growth. Excessive application of acid-forming fertilizers or pollution from industrial processes can lower soil pH, leading to nutrient imbalances and toxicity for certain plants.

The consequences of acidification include biodiversity loss, disruption of food webs, and economic impacts on fisheries and aquaculture. Monitoring and mitigating acidification involve reducing CO2 emissions, managing pollution sources, and developing adaptive strategies for affected ecosystems and industries.

Overall, acidification is a complex environmental issue with far-reaching effects, emphasizing the importance of understanding and managing chemical changes in natural and human-influenced systems to preserve ecological and economic stability.