Vitroeksperimenter

Vitroeksperimenter, or in vitro experiments, are experimental procedures conducted outside a living organism in a controlled environment, typically in glassware or culture vessels. The term derives from Latin in vitro, meaning “in glass.” These experiments aim to study biological processes under defined conditions, allowing precise control of variables and immediate observation of reactions without the complexity of an entire organism.

Common systems used in vitro include cultured cells (from cell lines or primary tissues), tissue extracts, purified biomolecules such as enzymes or nucleic acids, and chemical reaction setups. Techniques frequently employed in vitro encompass cell culture, enzyme assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays, immunoassays (such as ELISA), Western blotting, and high-throughput screening for drug discovery.

In vitro approaches are foundational across many fields, including basic biological research, pharmacology, toxicology, diagnostics, and biotechnology. They enable mechanistic studies, rapid screening of compounds, and controlled testing of hypotheses. In drug development, in vitro testing helps assess activity, specificity, and potential toxicity before animal or human studies.

Limitations of in vitro experiments include their inability to fully replicate the complexity of whole organisms and interactions among tissues, organs, and systems. Results may not always translate directly to in vivo outcomes. To address this, advanced models such as three-dimensional cell cultures, organoids, and microphysiological systems are increasingly used to better mimic physiological conditions while retaining the benefits of in vitro control. Ethical and regulatory considerations remain important, particularly when human-derived cells are involved.