Vesinikkütuseelemendi

Vesinikkütuseelement, known in English as a hydrogen fuel cell, is a device that converts chemical energy from a fuel, typically hydrogen, into electricity through an electrochemical reaction. This process also produces water and heat as byproducts. Unlike batteries, which store energy and need recharging, fuel cells generate electricity as long as fuel is supplied.

The fundamental principle of a hydrogen fuel cell involves hydrogen gas (H2) and an oxidant, usually oxygen (O2) from the air. At the anode, hydrogen molecules are split into protons (H+) and electrons (e-). The protons pass through an electrolyte membrane to the cathode, while the electrons are forced to travel through an external circuit, creating an electric current. At the cathode, the protons, electrons, and oxygen combine to form water (H2O).

Different types of hydrogen fuel cells exist, distinguished by their electrolyte and operating temperature. Common types include Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs), Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs), and Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs). Each type has specific advantages and disadvantages regarding efficiency, cost, and application suitability.

Hydrogen fuel cells offer several advantages, including high efficiency, low or zero emissions at the point of use (producing only water vapor and heat), and quiet operation. They are being developed for a wide range of applications, from powering vehicles and portable electronics to providing backup power and grid electricity. The main challenges for widespread adoption include the cost of fuel cell technology, the infrastructure for hydrogen production and distribution, and the safe storage of hydrogen.