TurkStream

TurkStream is a major natural gas pipeline that runs from Russia to Turkey across the Black Sea. It consists of two parallel lines. The first line has a capacity of 15.75 billion cubic meters per year and is intended for the Turkish domestic market. The second line also has a capacity of 15.75 billion cubic meters per year and is designed to carry gas to consumers in Southern and Southeastern Europe.

The project was developed by Gazprom, Russia's state-owned energy company, and Botas, Turkey's state-owned pipeline operator. Construction began in 2017, and the pipeline became operational in January 2020. The total length of the offshore section is approximately 930 kilometers. The onshore sections in Russia and Turkey extend for about 140 kilometers and 200 kilometers, respectively.

TurkStream is strategically important for both Russia and Turkey. For Russia, it offers an alternative route for exporting gas to Europe, bypassing Ukraine. For Turkey, it solidifies its position as a key energy transit hub. The pipeline has also been a subject of geopolitical discussion due to its scale and the involvement of Russia. Its operation is a significant factor in the energy supply dynamics of the region.