Spôsobenými

"Spôsobenými" is the instrumental plural form of the Slovak past passive participle "spôsobený". This word translates to "caused" or "inflicted" in English. It is used to describe something that has been brought about by an action or event.

In Slovak grammar, participles function as adjectives or adverbs, and their endings change to agree with the noun they modify in terms of gender, number, and case. The instrumental case is used to indicate the means by which something is done, or by whom or what it is caused. Therefore, "spôsobenými" specifically refers to things that have been caused, when those things are plural and are being discussed in the instrumental case.

For example, one might say "škody spôsobenými búrkou" which translates to "damages caused by the storm." Here, "škody" (damages) is plural and in the instrumental case, and "spôsobenými" agrees with it. Another example could be "problémy spôsobenými zlým riadením" meaning "problems caused by poor management." The word "spôsobenými" is a crucial grammatical element for conveying the passive voice and the agent of an action in a plural context within the Slovak language.