Schädelgrube

Schädelgrube, in human anatomy, denotes one of the depressions on the base of the skull that cradle brain structures and related vessels and nerves. The term is used in singular form to refer to any of the cranial fossae, with three principal regions described: the anterior cranial fossa (Schädelgrube anterior), the middle cranial fossa (Schädelgrube media), and the posterior cranial fossa (Schädelgrube posterior).

The anterior cranial fossa lies at the front of the skull base. It is bounded by the frontal bone and the lesser wings of the sphenoid, with its floor formed largely by the orbital plates of the frontal bone and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid. Its contents include the frontal lobes of the brain and the olfactory bulbs and tracts passing through the cribriform plate. The region also contributes to the roof of the orbits.

The middle cranial fossa lies behind the anterior fossa. It is bounded by the sphenoid greater wings and the temporal bone. Its contents include portions of the temporal lobes, the pituitary fossa (the sella turcica) within the sphenoid, and the cavernous sinus along the lateral wall. Major openings, such as the superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum, allow passage of nerves and vessels between the skull base and the face.

The posterior cranial fossa lies at the back of the skull base. It is bounded by the occipital bone and parts of the temporal and sphenoid bones. Its contents include the brainstem and cerebellum. Notable openings include the foramen magnum, internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, and the hypoglossal canal.

Clinical relevance: fractures or tumors affecting the fossae can impact cranial nerves, brainstem, or cerebellum. Imaging with CT or MRI aids diagnosis and assessment.