SLBM

SLBM stands for submarine-launched ballistic missile. It is a ballistic missile designed for launch from submarines, typically from submerged vertical tubes. SLBMs are a core component of sea-based strategic deterrence because submarines can patrol covertly for long periods, providing a survivable second-strike capability if land-based missiles are neutralized.

Most modern SLBMs are solid-fueled, multi-stage missiles capable of carrying multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles, allowing one missile to strike several targets. They are launched from submerged submarines via vertical launch systems; after launch, they follow a ballistic trajectory through space and reentry vehicles separate to deliver warheads on land. Ranges and accuracy vary by system, but they are designed for long-range, high-precision delivery.

Platforms and doctrine: SLBMs are deployed on ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs). Their stealth, range, and endurance enable sustained patrols and a credible second-strike, forming a central pillar of nuclear deterrence for many states.

Operators and missiles: The United States operates the Trident II D5 on Ohio-class and the new Columbia-class submarines. The United Kingdom uses Trident II D5 on Vanguard-class submarines. France operates M45 and M51 missiles on Triomphant-class submarines. Russia operates Bulava missiles on Borei-class submarines. China has developed the JL-2 for its Type 094 / Jin-class submarines. India has developed indigenous SLBMs (K-15 and K-4) for the Arihant-class submarines.