Rondó

Rondó is a musical form in which a principal theme, the refrain, alternates with contrasting sections, the episodes. The structure is typically represented as A B A C A, or with more repetitions of the refrain, A B A C A B A. The refrain (A) is usually a clear, memorable melody that returns in its original form and key after each episode. The episodes (B, C, etc.) offer new thematic material and may differ in mood, tempo, and key from the refrain.

The rondó form is often used in the final movement of sonatas, concertos, and symphonies, providing a sense of closure and often a lighthearted or spirited conclusion. It can also be found as a standalone piece. The origins of the rondó can be traced back to medieval secular song forms, particularly the French virelai. Its development as a prominent instrumental form occurred during the Classical period, with composers like Mozart and Beethoven frequently employing it. The clarity of its structure, with the recurring refrain, makes it accessible to listeners and provides a satisfying sense of repetition and contrast.