Portugalcontinued

Portugal continued its historical trajectory through the late medieval and early modern periods, building upon its foundational maritime explorations. Following the establishment of its borders and the consolidation of its monarchy, Portugal embarked on an ambitious Age of Discovery. Key figures like Vasco da Gama and Ferdinand Magellan, though sailing for other nations at times, represent the spirit of Portuguese exploration that connected Europe with Asia, Africa, and the Americas. This era brought immense wealth and influence to the nation, establishing a vast colonial empire that spanned continents.

The Portuguese Empire was characterized by trade routes, particularly in spices, gold, and slaves, which profoundly shaped global commerce. This period of prosperity, however, also saw its share of challenges, including competition from other European powers and internal political shifts. The union with Spain in 1580, known as the Iberian Union, marked a significant period where Portugal lost some of its autonomy. Despite this, its overseas territories remained a crucial part of the global network. The eventual restoration of Portuguese independence in 1640 signaled a renewed focus on maintaining its colonial holdings and navigating the complex geopolitical landscape of the 17th century and beyond.