Polüploidne

Polüploidne refers to the state of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes, a condition known as polyploidy. In diploid organisms, individuals possess two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent. Polüploidne organisms, however, have three (triploid), four (tetraploid), or even more sets of chromosomes. This phenomenon is particularly common in plants, where it has played a significant role in their evolution and diversification. Many commercially important crops, such as wheat, potatoes, and strawberries, are polyploid. In animals, polyploidy is less frequent and often associated with developmental abnormalities or is confined to specific tissues or cell types. For example, some insects and fish are polyploid. The mechanism of polyploidy can arise through various processes, including the failure of chromosomes to separate during cell division (non-disjunction) or the fusion of gametes with an increased chromosome number. Polyploidy can lead to changes in cell size, reproductive success, and overall phenotype, contributing to the emergence of new species and the adaptation of organisms to different environments. The study of polüploidne organisms is an important area of genetics and evolutionary biology.