Mükorhiza

Mükorhiza, also known as mycorrhiza, is a symbiotic association between fungi and the roots of vascular plants. This mutualistic relationship is widespread in nature and plays a crucial role in plant nutrition and growth. The fungi involved in mycorrhizal associations are typically from the phyla Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. The most common type of mycorrhiza is arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), which is formed by fungi in the phylum Glomeromycota and is found in approximately 80% of plant species.

In mycorrhizal associations, the fungi extend their hyphae into the root cortex, forming structures such as arbuscules (in AM), vesicles, and hyphal coils. These structures increase the surface area of the root, enhancing the plant's ability to absorb water and nutrients, particularly phosphorus and other minerals. In return, the plant provides the fungi with carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis.

Mycorrhizal associations have several ecological benefits. They improve plant growth and productivity, enhance nutrient uptake and use efficiency, and increase plant resistance to environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity. Additionally, mycorrhizal fungi can facilitate the spread of plant propagules through their ability to transfer nutrients and improve plant survival.

The study of mycorrhizal associations is important for understanding plant ecology, agriculture, and forestry. Mycorrhizal fungi are used in various applications, including biofertilizers, phytoremediation, and the development of sustainable agricultural practices. The role of mycorrhizal fungi in plant health and ecosystem functioning highlights their significance in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services.