Mozgatóízületek

Mozgatóízületek, also known as diarthroses or synovial joints, are the most common and complex type of joint in the human body. They are characterized by a fluid-filled cavity that separates the articulating bones, allowing for a wide range of motion. This cavity, called the synovial cavity, is lined by the synovial membrane, which produces synovial fluid. This fluid acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between the bones and providing nutrients to the cartilage.

The articulating surfaces of the bones within a synovial joint are covered by articular cartilage, a smooth, resilient tissue that further minimizes friction and absorbs shock. The entire joint is enclosed by a fibrous capsule, which provides structural integrity and helps to contain the synovial fluid. Ligaments, strong bands of connective tissue, reinforce the capsule and connect the bones, preventing excessive movement and dislocation.

Synovial joints can be classified based on the type of movement they permit. Hinge joints, like the elbow and knee, allow for movement in one plane (flexion and extension). Ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder and hip, offer the greatest range of motion, enabling movement in multiple planes (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction). Pivot joints, found in the neck, allow for rotational movement. Condyloid joints, like the wrist, permit movement in two planes, while saddle joints, such as the thumb, allow for opposition. Gliding joints, as seen in the carpal bones of the wrist, permit limited gliding movements. The proper functioning of these joints is essential for locomotion and daily activities.