Mikronutrients

Micronutrients are essential vitamins and minerals that the body needs in small amounts to function properly. Unlike macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) which provide energy, micronutrients are not a source of calories but play critical roles in a vast array of bodily processes. These include enzyme activity, immune function, growth and development, and maintaining overall health.

Vitamins are organic compounds that the body typically cannot produce on its own, or can only produce in insufficient quantities. They are broadly classified into fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and water-soluble vitamins (C and the B-complex vitamins). Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body's fatty tissues and liver, while water-soluble vitamins are not stored in large amounts and need to be replenished more regularly.

Minerals are inorganic elements that are also vital for numerous physiological functions. They are categorized into macrominerals, which the body needs in larger quantities (such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur), and trace minerals, required in very small amounts (including iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, manganese, fluoride, chromium, and molybdenum). Minerals contribute to bone health, fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction, among other functions.

A deficiency in any micronutrient can lead to various health problems and diseases. For example, iron deficiency causes anemia, vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy, and iodine deficiency can result in goiter and impaired cognitive development. Conversely, excessive intake of certain micronutrients can also be harmful. Therefore, obtaining a balanced intake of micronutrients through a diverse diet is crucial for maintaining good health. Food sources are the primary way humans acquire these essential compounds.