Müllerglia

Müllerglia, also called Müller glia, are the principal glial cells of the retina. Named after the German anatomist Heinrich Müller, these cells span the entire thickness of the retina, extending from the inner limiting membrane to the outer limiting membrane. They are the most abundant type of glia in the mammalian retina and contribute to both structural support and retinal homeostasis.

Anatomy and physiology: Müller glia have radial processes that contact all retinal layers, forming a supportive scaffold for neurons. They help maintain ion and water balance via channels such as Kir4.1 and aquaporin-4, clear extracellular glutamate through transporters like GLAST/EAAT1, and participate in retinal metabolism and metabolic coupling to neurons. They also contribute to light transmission within the retina and support the integrity of the inner limiting membrane.

Development and regeneration: In mammals, Müller glia react to injury with gliosis and can form a glial scar, limiting regeneration. By contrast, in non-mammalian vertebrates such as zebrafish, these cells can dedifferentiate into progenitor-like cells and contribute to retinal regeneration. Research aims to understand and induce similar regenerative programs in mammals for potential therapeutic strategies.

Clinical relevance and research: Müller glia are involved in retinal diseases and edema, influencing disease progression and recovery. They remain a focus of regenerative medicine research, including approaches to promote neurogenesis from glial cells, protect retinal neurons, and support functional recovery after injury or degenerative disease.