Lämmönsäätäminen

Lämmönsäätäminen, or thermoregulation, is the process by which an organism maintains its internal body temperature within a certain range, regardless of the external temperature. This is a crucial aspect of homeostasis, the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

Mammals and birds are endotherms, meaning they generate their own body heat internally through metabolic processes. They have sophisticated mechanisms to control heat loss and gain. When the body temperature rises, the body may increase blood flow to the skin to dissipate heat, or initiate sweating, which cools the body through evaporation. When the body temperature drops, blood vessels near the skin constrict to reduce heat loss, and shivering, involuntary muscle contractions, can generate heat.

In contrast, ectotherms, such as reptiles and amphibians, rely on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature. They may bask in the sun to warm up or seek shade to cool down. Their metabolic rate is also more directly influenced by ambient temperature.

Proper thermoregulation is essential for optimal physiological function. Extreme deviations from the normal temperature range can impair enzyme activity, disrupt cellular processes, and, in severe cases, lead to organ damage or death. Factors like environmental conditions, physical activity, and physiological state can all influence the effectiveness of thermoregulation.