Kõhunäärme

Kõhunäärme, known in English as the pancreas, is a gland organ in the upper abdomen. It plays a vital role in both digestion and hormone production. Anatomically, it is located behind the stomach and is about 6-10 inches long. It is divided into three parts: the head, body, and tail. The head is the widest part and is connected to the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine, through a duct. The tail extends to the spleen.

The pancreas has two main functions. Firstly, it is an exocrine gland that produces digestive enzymes. These enzymes, such as amylase, lipase, and proteases, are secreted into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct. They help break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat, allowing for their absorption into the bloodstream.

Secondly, the pancreas is also an endocrine gland. Within its tissue are clusters of cells called the islets of Langerhans. These cells produce and secrete important hormones directly into the bloodstream. The most well-known hormones are insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels. Insulin lowers blood sugar by helping cells absorb glucose, while glucagon raises it by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose. Other hormones like somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide are also produced. Diseases affecting the pancreas include pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, and pancreatic cancer.