Kaasnenud

Kaasnenud is an Estonian past participle form that functions as an adjective, meaning accompanied, included, or associated. It is derived from the verb kaasnema, which means to accompany, bring along, or attach. The prefix kaas- conveys together with or along with, and the -nud ending marks a past participle that can modify a noun.

In usage, kaasnenud describes something that comes with or is attached to another thing. It is common in formal or official language to indicate materials, documents, or circumstances that were provided alongside a main submission or event. For example, kaasnenud dokumentatsioon means the accompanying documentation, and kaasnenud kulud refers to incurred costs that were associated with a project or activity. The word can also refer to people or items that are involved or connected to a situation, as in kaasnenud isikud (the individuals involved).

Grammatically, kaasnenud behaves like an adjective and agrees with the noun it modifies in number and case, similar to other Estonian participles. It can appear in different cases, for example kaasnenud dokumendid (nominative plural) or kaasnenud dokumendite (genitive plural), depending on the sentence.

Etymologically, kaasnenud comes from the combination of kaas- (together with) and the verb stem -nema, with the standard participial suffix -nud, forming a descriptive, completed-action adjective.

See also: kaasnema, kaasnev, Estonian participles, Estonian grammar.

Note: In plain language, kaasnenud is most likely to be found in written, formal contexts describing something that has been brought along or attached to another thing.