InternetExchangePoints

An Internet Exchange Point (IXP) is a physical infrastructure that enables networks to interconnect and exchange Internet traffic locally. IXPs are typically carrier-neutral facilities where Internet service providers, content delivery networks, cloud providers, enterprises, and others can peer directly, reducing dependence on third-party transit and improving routing efficiency.

IXPs operate a shared switching fabric, usually located in data centers. Participants connect to the fabric with Ethernet ports and exchange traffic using BGP. Traffic can be exchanged publicly over the shared fabric, or privately through direct interconnections to specific peers or networks.

Benefits include lower latency and transit costs, higher bandwidth, and increased resilience. By localizing traffic, IXPs can improve performance for regional users and reduce backbone congestion. They also enable content providers to reach networks directly, enhancing quality of service for end users.

IXPs vary in topology and governance. Many are neutral, member-owned, or nonprofit facilities, while others are commercial. Peering policies range from open, where any eligible network can join, to selective. Route servers are common to simplify many-to-many peering relationships, although private interconnects are also used.

Security and policy considerations include route filtering, monitoring for misconfigurations, and deployments of RPKI and BGP safeguards to prevent route hijacking and leaks. The growth of IXPs is associated with a more robust and efficient regional Internet ecosystem.