Immunresponsmekanismer

Immunresponsmekanismer refer to the complex biological processes by which the body defends itself against pathogens and other harmful substances. These mechanisms are broadly divided into two categories: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system.

The innate immune system provides a rapid, non-specific defense. It includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as cellular components such as phagocytes (e.g., macrophages and neutrophils) that engulf and destroy invaders. Chemical defenses, like antimicrobial peptides and inflammation, also play a crucial role. Inflammation, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, recruits immune cells to the site of infection or injury.

The adaptive immune system, on the other hand, is slower to develop but highly specific and possesses memory. It involves lymphocytes, primarily B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies, which are proteins that neutralize pathogens or mark them for destruction by other immune cells. T cells have various roles, including cytotoxic T cells that directly kill infected cells and helper T cells that coordinate the immune response by activating other immune cells. The memory component of the adaptive immune system allows for a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen, forming the basis of vaccination. These two systems work in concert to maintain health and protect the organism from disease.