IEPs

An Individualized Education Program (IEP) is a written plan developed for eligible students in the United States to ensure a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment. IEPs are required under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and apply to students aged 3 through 21 who have one or more documented disabilities that affect their ability to learn in a general education classroom.

An IEP is created by a team including the student (when appropriate), the student's parents or guardians, at least one of the student's general or special education teachers, a school district representative, and other qualified individuals. The IEP process begins with evaluation to determine eligibility; parental consent is required to conduct initial assessments and to begin services.

The IEP specifies present levels of academic and functional performance (PLAAFP), annual goals, and the special education services and related services the school will provide. It also lists any necessary accommodations, modifications, supports for school personnel, and assistive technology. It describes how the student will participate in the general education environment, and where services will be delivered (setting and frequency). It includes start dates and duration, criteria for measuring progress toward goals, and how progress will be reported to parents. For students aged around 16 or younger where laws apply, it includes transition services to prepare for postsecondary life.

IEPs are reviewed at least annually and reevaluated at least every three years to determine continued eligibility and needs. The IEP must document placement decisions in the least restrictive environment (LRE), which favors the most inclusive setting consistent with the student's needs. Parents play an active role and must consent to initial evaluations and to services.

Disputes or disagreements can be addressed through processes such as mediation, due process hearings, or state complaint procedures. IEPs are confidential and binding documents that guide a student’s special education services.