Hüpoparatüreoidism

Hypoparathyroidism is a medical condition characterized by insufficient production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands. These small glands, located in the neck near the thyroid gland, play a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood. PTH works primarily by increasing blood calcium levels and decreasing blood phosphorus levels. When PTH is deficient, blood calcium levels drop (hypocalcemia) and blood phosphorus levels rise (hyperphosphatemia).

The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is damage or accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery, particularly thyroidectomy or neck surgery. Autoimmune diseases, where the body's immune system attacks its own tissues, can also lead to hypoparathyroidism. Genetic disorders and certain medical conditions like magnesium deficiency can also contribute.

Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are largely due to low calcium levels and can vary in severity. Mild cases may have no noticeable symptoms, while more severe cases can manifest as muscle cramps, spasms, and twitching (tetany), tingling or numbness in the hands, feet, or around the mouth, and fatigue. Chronic low calcium can lead to more serious complications affecting the brain, heart, and bones, including seizures, abnormal heart rhythms, and cataracts.

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure calcium, phosphorus, and PTH levels. Treatment aims to restore normal calcium and phosphorus balance, usually through calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Regular monitoring of blood levels is essential to adjust medication and prevent complications.