Hypersplenia

Hypersplenia is a medical term referring to an enlarged spleen. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, behind the stomach and below the diaphragm. It plays a role in the immune system and filters blood. When the spleen becomes enlarged, it is called splenomegaly. While hypersplenia is not a disease itself, it is a sign that can indicate an underlying medical condition.

The causes of hypersplenia are numerous and varied. They can include infections such as mononucleosis, malaria, and tuberculosis. Certain blood disorders, like leukemia, lymphoma, and hemolytic anemia, can also lead to an enlarged spleen. Liver diseases, such as cirrhosis, can cause increased pressure in the veins leading to the spleen, resulting in its enlargement. Other causes include metabolic disorders, inflammatory conditions, and even some cancers.

Symptoms associated with hypersplenia can include a feeling of fullness in the abdomen, pain or discomfort in the upper left abdomen, and a palpable mass under the rib cage. In some cases, hypersplenia can lead to hypersplenism, a condition where the enlarged spleen sequesters and destroys blood cells more rapidly than normal, resulting in anemia, a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia), or a low white blood cell count (leukopenia).

Diagnosis of hypersplenia typically involves a physical examination to feel for an enlarged spleen, followed by imaging tests such as an ultrasound or CT scan. Blood tests are also crucial to identify any underlying blood disorders or infections. Treatment for hypersplenia depends entirely on the underlying cause. Once the primary condition is addressed, the spleen size may return to normal. In severe cases where hypersplenism causes significant complications, surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy) may be considered.