Harnleitern
Harnleitern, or ureters, are two muscular tubes that transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder. In adults each ureter is about 25 to 30 cm long. They descend retroperitoneally along the psoas major, cross the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries, and enter the bladder at the ureterovesical junction, where an oblique course helps prevent reflux.
The ureter wall comprises a mucosa lined by transitional epithelium, a middle muscularis with inner circular
Functionally, the ureters generate peristaltic waves that move urine toward the bladder, typically in response to
Developmentally, the ureters arise from the ureteric bud of the mesonephric duct during embryogenesis and connect