Génduplázódás

Génduplázódás is a biological process involving the duplication of a gene. This duplication event results in two identical copies of the original gene within the genome. These duplicated genes can then follow different evolutionary paths. One copy may retain its original function, while the other copy can accumulate mutations and potentially evolve a new function. This process is considered a major driver of genetic innovation and the evolution of new genes and protein functions.

The mechanisms leading to génaduplázódás can vary. Chromosomal duplication, where a segment of a chromosome containing a gene is duplicated, is one common way. Gene conversion, a process where genetic material is exchanged between similar sequences, can also lead to duplication. Furthermore, retrotransposition, involving the reverse transcription of an mRNA molecule back into DNA and its subsequent insertion into the genome, can create duplicated gene copies.

The presence of duplicate genes provides raw material for evolution. If one copy is essential for a vital function, the organism can tolerate mutations in the second copy without adverse effects. This allows the second copy to diverge and potentially acquire novel functionalities, leading to the development of new traits or adaptations. Over evolutionary time, this can contribute to the complexity and diversity of life.