Globuliini

Globuliini, in some medical texts, denotes the globulin fraction of blood serum, a diverse group of water-soluble plasma proteins that complements albumin in forming the total serum protein. The globulin fraction is further divided by electrophoresis into alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, and gamma regions. Gamma globulins largely consist of immunoglobulins (antibodies), while the other globulin groups include various transport and enzyme proteins.

Most globulins are produced by different tissues: non-immunoglobulin globulins such as transferrin, haptoglobins, ceruloplasmin, and many enzymes are synthesized by the liver or other organs; immunoglobulins are produced by plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes. Globulins perform a range of functions, including transport of metals, lipids, and hormones, immune defense through antibodies, and participation in other regulatory and catalytic processes.

Clinically, globulin levels are assessed as part of serum protein measurements and electrophoresis. Abnormal globulin patterns can indicate disease states: elevated gamma globulins may be seen in chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, and monoclonal gammopathies, whereas low globulin levels can occur with hypogammaglobulinemia, malnutrition, or certain liver disorders. Globulin assessment is typically interpreted alongside albumin levels to evaluate nutritional status, liver function, and immune health.

See also: albumin, globulin, serum protein electrophoresis, immunoglobulin.