Exkluderat

Exkluderat is a Swedish term meaning excluded, used to describe items, participants, or data that have been removed from consideration in a study, calculation, or policy. It is the past participle form of the verb exkludera and functions as an adjective to indicate that something has been intentionally omitted or set aside.

In research and statistics, exkluderade or exkluderat elements are those that do not meet predefined criteria or fail quality checks and therefore are not included in primary analyses. Exclusion criteria are defined in study protocols and aim to ensure that the study population is appropriate for addressing the research question. Common reasons for exclusion include non-compliance, withdrawal of consent, incomplete data, protocol violations, or invalid measurements. Excluded data are typically reported to maintain transparency and to allow assessment of potential bias.

In clinical trials, the term is often used in flow diagrams to show how many participants were screened, excluded, randomized, and analyzed. Excluded participants may be analyzed separately in sensitivity analyses, depending on the study design (for example, per-protocol versus intention-to-treat analyses).

In data processing, exkluderat observations may result from outliers, errors, duplicates, or missing values. Decisions on exclusion should be documented and justified to preserve the integrity of the analysis.

See also: exkludera, inkludera, inklusion, exklusionskriterier.