Endotoxiny

Endotoxiny are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that form a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They are not secreted by the bacteria but are released primarily when the bacterial cell wall disintegrates, such as during bacterial lysis or division. Endotoxiny are potent activators of the innate immune system in both insects and vertebrates. The toxic properties of endotoxin are primarily associated with its lipid A component, a highly conserved and hydrophobic part of the molecule. Upon release, endotoxin can bind to specific receptors on immune cells, such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), leading to the activation of signaling pathways. This activation triggers the production of various inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and chemokines. While this inflammatory response is crucial for combating bacterial infections, excessive or uncontrolled endotoxin exposure can lead to a systemic inflammatory response known as sepsis. Sepsis can manifest with a range of symptoms, including fever, increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and a drop in blood pressure, potentially leading to organ damage and failure. Endotoxin also plays a role in pyrogenicity, meaning it can induce fever. The presence of endotoxin is a significant concern in medical settings, particularly in intravenous drug preparations and medical devices, where contamination can lead to serious adverse reactions.