DNAtuloksiin

DNAtuloksiin (Finnish for DNA toxins) refers to substances that damage DNA and produce genotoxic effects in cells. They can be natural or synthetic, and may contribute to mutations, cancer, or cell death by interfering with replication or transcription.

DNAtuloksiin act by several mechanisms. DNA intercalation inserts between base pairs; alkylation adds reactive groups to DNA; crosslinking links strands; and strand breaks can be single- or double-strand. Oxidative damage from reactive oxygen species is common, and some agents form bulky adducts or disrupt DNA repair.

These toxins arise in nature from bacteria, fungi, plants, and marine organisms, as well as from synthetic chemicals. Examples include chemotherapy drugs with DNA-damaging activities, such as doxorubicin (intercalator), bleomycin (induces breaks), and cisplatin (crosslinker).

Applications and implications: In medicine, DNA-damaging agents form a cornerstone of cancer therapy, with toxicity managed by dosing and supportive care. In research, they are used to study DNA damage responses. Environmental and occupational exposure to DNA toxins is a public health concern due to mutagenic and carcinogenic risks.

Detection and regulation: Genotoxicity is assessed by assays like the Ames test, comet assay, and γ-H2AX foci. Given their risks, many DNAtuloksiin are regulated as hazardous substances with safety protocols and exposure limits.

See also: genotoxicity, mutagen, carcinogen, DNA repair.