Cocibolca

Cocibolca, also known as Lake Nicaragua, is the largest lake in Central America by area. It is situated in southwestern Nicaragua, with the southern part touching the border with Costa Rica along the San Juan River, which connects the lake to the Caribbean Sea. The name Cocibolca reflects the indigenous heritage of the region and is still used alongside the Spanish name Lago de Nicaragua.

Geography and features: The lake covers roughly 8,000 to 8,600 square kilometers, with a length around 160 kilometers and widths up to about 50 kilometers. It sits in a volcanic and tectonic setting in the Central American arc. Ometepe Island, formed by the twin volcanoes Concepción and Maderas, is the lake’s most prominent feature, while Zapatera Island hosts archaeological sites and petroglyphs. The lake’s water balance is influenced by rainfall and inflowing rivers, and its main outlet is the San Juan River, which drains into the Caribbean Sea. Historically, various canal proposals have explored connecting the Pacific and Atlantic through Nicaraguan territory.

Ecology and economy: The lake supports a diverse freshwater ecosystem and serves as a major resource for fishing and tourism. Ometepe Island is a prominent destination for visitors drawn to its volcanic landscapes and biodiversity. Shoreline communities rely on fishing, agriculture, and increasingly ecotourism, contributing to regional livelihoods.

Conservation and challenges: Environmental pressures include deforestation, sedimentation, and pollution, along with the introduction of non-native species. Efforts focus on protecting water quality, habitats, and the cultural and economic value of the lake for Nicaragua and the wider region.